Social connection
This research program studies social connection, digital social connection and strategies for increasing and measuring social connection at community and population levels.
Led by Professor Jane Farmer, this program seeks to generate useful tools for practice and communities wanting to increase social connection and social capital and to measure social connection using robust methods.
Our researchers are focused on studying digital social connection, urban planning for social connection, measurement, connection and resilience and social capital generation. We work in diverse environments including outer-metro growth areas, sport and recreation, residential aged care and emergency planning. We are focused on overcoming stereotypes, producing robust tools for measurement and generating innovative evidence-based, practice-ready tools and training about social connection.
Current projects and partnerships
This project, funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage grant LP200301335, aims to enhance social connection within local communities. The project partners include RMIT University, Red Cross Australia, Neami National, City of Casey, City of Whittlesea, City of Wyndham and Today Design.
The project began in 2022 and runs until 2025. It engages particularly with outer metropolitan areas that are culturally and economically diverse and rapidly growing.
The project will explore social infrastructure that underpins face-to-face, online and hybrid social connection. It will work with local people to understand diverse lived experiences of connection and disconnection in physical and online communities.
Social connection is a social determinant of health, and the project is also applied to enable people and communities to generate resilience in the face of social, economic and climate shocks. The project aims to complement activities, resources, people and infrastructure already in communities, identify and fill gaps, and explore how community partners can work together to activate positive social connection.
Building on previous work involving Australian Red Cross and Swinburne University, the project will:
- Spatially map social connection places, spaces, activities and online communities to show hotspots and gaps in social connection infrastructure.
- Work with local people to understand diverse experiences of connection and disconnection in physical and online communities.
- Co-design useful guidance, resources and methods to activate positive social connection.
- Develop a measurement to assess the impact of developed resources.
- Examine local and state policy and planning to include better ways to foster social connection.
For more information and to track the project’s implementation, please visit Social Connection.
Allianz Australia contacted Swinburne and Australian Red Cross in May 2020 because we are working on practical, evidence-based methods to help people to connect with each other. Allianz were interested in opportunities to tap into existing research to ‘boost’ social connection thinking and activities within its flexible working policy and in light of staff working from home during COVID-19.
Following some initial discussions, Allianz teamed up with the Social Innovation Research Institute and Decade of Action’s, Ebony Gaylor (formerly Head of Community Mobilisation at Australian Red Cross), to lean into the research about social connection.
The aim was to use evidence about social connection to codesign - with Allianz staff and leaders - to generate knowledge and tools relevant to their culture and existing policies that would support employees to maintain and enhance their connectedness with each other and with the company, especially during COVID.
Being connected has the important outcomes of generating feelings of belonging, giving ready access to other people for help, knowledge and support and brings physiological and psychological benefits, including from release of ‘happiness hormones’ such as serotonin and dopamine.
Regarding work and workplaces, there is considerable evidence that social connection is a significant factor contributing to employee wellbeing and is associated with higher productivity, creativity and job satisfaction, and with lower absenteeism and staff turnover.
Social connection is a vital but overlooked issue in and for the workplace.
What did we do?
- Scoped relevant evidence and theory about social connection and work/workplaces.
- Presented materials to a group of Allianz leaders, plus key innovation and human resources leaders.
- Generated discussion about what Allianz staff had done to stay connected during COVID working at home.
- Used this material to codesign a pack for Allianz training and as an ongoing knowledge resource.
What interesting things did we find?
Allianz leaders we spoke with were concerned about social connection. This was partly due to heightened discussion of social isolation in the media during COVID-19, but leaders had thought about the significance of social connection even before the pandemic.
One leader, who generally worked remotely, discussed how she would really boost social interaction on the occasions when she was at one or more workplaces – using all opportunities for incidental meeting, striking up new conversations with people in the lift.
During the pandemic, people leaders had heightened awareness of supporting staff to keep connected and were on a constant level of alert to be doing enough and to have strategies that fit with different team members and their circumstances.
Leaders were interested in social connection because they were aware of its relevance to ongoing wellbeing of staff and productivity. However, more strongly – there was a discussion that while attending to social connection had previously been something that ‘just happened’ relatively passively, during COVID it became an aspect of work that had to be actively built into leadership.
People leaders had to actively find time during their workdays and weeks to attend to team members as individuals and the team as a whole, identifying the right set of activities to keep people connected. Considerable innovation took place as managers and their teams tried out ideas and initiatives for keeping connected.
During a facilitated session, Allianz staff were able to link back the initiatives they created to principles about social connection from evidence and theory, such as:
- including everyone to make them feel they belong and build their identity as an important part of the team
- reinforcing work identity by meeting in small, larger and individual regular meetings with teams and individuals
- doing small acts of kindness such as support over the phone or offering help
- having chat and banter as well as ‘serious work talk’ because informal banter is significant to building team identity, connection and belonging.
Feedback from facilitated sessions involved a knowledge pack and tools for social connection.
What key issues emerged?
Some key issues emerged from discussions that link social connection into other ongoing issues for remote and flexible working.
1. Remote working throws out ‘normal’ routines at work and there was a need to:
a) establish what is acceptable within the team (how much flex? Can I take time out for a walk during the day? Do I need to be always available? Can I have times of solitude and concentration?)
b) structure days, weeks and months so that people felt in control of their work/leisure, could signal their availability/ unavailability to colleagues and build in for different types of social connection.
2. Building in and allowing time for banter and social chat into start and end of work meetings or having casual team socials is important for keeping up connection beyond work issues only.
3. There was benefit from thinking about the different ‘kinds’ of work time that need to be built in, including social time, solitude time, phone time, online time and so on. Building in days and times that were online-meeting-free was important to wellbeing. That is, it is important to have both concentrating/work/solitude time; and connection time. These distinctions can make social connection time even more significant and useful.
4. When staff could meet up, really using this time effectively to socially interact is significant (along the lines of recent research on ‘bursty communication').
5. It is difficult to build in for connecting in new people and for incidental meeting, though not impossible and different managers had built in initiatives such as mentoring for new people and organising cross-team socials.
6. Leaders needed to build in a discourse that social connection is important, valued and valuable and part of work. It is not a frivolity or indulgence. Indeed, it is a new capability required of leaders to understand how to keep their team connected, and to implement appropriate measures.
7. Leaders and team members need to build in for social connection, making it a part of the schedule rather than the more random events it was in the past.
Conclusions and what happens next?
There have been lots of anecdotal pieces about connection/disconnection and isolation during the pandemic, but they tend to be speculative or ad hoc and do not compare ‘single case observations’ with the evidence base.
There is considerable, though dispersed, knowledge that can inform about how to harness social connection to boost corporate productivity. But we have not found any evidence internationally where corporations purposefully harness social connection theory and evidence to enhance worker wellbeing, while supporting productivity.
Consequently, Allianz is to be commended on their innovative initiative to unite evidence with staff experiences to design an approach to social connection at work that fits with their culture, existing policy and ways of working.
While a new pack of materials has been produced for Allianz, its impact remains unevaluated so we cannot, at this time, state what impact – if any – it made, and if it meets needs or changes behaviour and thinking.
Social connection is a vital but overlooked issue in and for the workplace. As with much that seems innately human, it is taken for granted during ‘normal’ times, but comes sharply to the fore during crises that isolate team members from each other.
There is some strong theory and evidence that can help work teams to be more socially connected and a larger, robust version of the work that we undertook with Allianz would be valuable to codesign, implement and test the power of social connection on worker wellbeing, identity and productivity.
More information
- Read our detailed report Social Connection and Allianz Australia Insurance Ltd [PDF 1.7MB].
- Read our report ‘Healthy social connections: a multi-disciplinary exploration' on the APO website.
- Read our report 'Healthy social connections' on the APO website.
Note: A full report of this project will be published pending approval and final release.
Aims and background
This is an introduction and preliminary summary of a project underway for four Melbourne councils. The project explores ‘Community Social Connection Infrastructure’ across four metropolitan Local Government Areas (LGAs). It audits and maps place-based social connection assets and experiences using a typology developed from multiple projects about social connection funded by Australian Red Cross. The project will make recommendations regarding investments in Community Infrastructure of Social Connection in the four participating LGAs in the included council regions.
Specific objectives
- Test a place-based approach aiming to progress work towards reducing social isolation and loneliness and promoting social connection.
- Leverage a typology of places and spaces to provide investigation of the current pro-connection places and spaces (assets) in the region as well as ‘hotspots’ for connection.
- Provide empirical evidence of community experiences within the pro-social connection places and spaces.
- Provide a foundation for understanding the breadth and role of places and spaces in the community.
- Deliver recommendations for future social connection promoting initiatives.
Research activities
- review of literature and practice with regards to community connectedness initiatives
- further develop and populate a typology for categorising pro-connection places and spaces across four LGAs
- mapping social indicator data and places and spaces to understand the alignment of places and spaces with population characteristics
- focus groups with managers and facilitators of places and spaces to understand perceptions of user experience of places and spaces, and their views about opportunities to enhance current infrastructure.
Social connection
Social connection is about communal interactions between people. The work of Robin Dunbar shows that social connection goes beyond simple one-to-one contacts, but rather involves being satisfied with ‘circles of connection’ involving issues of number, quality and ‘intensity’ of relations. Dunbar depicts connection as represented in the circles of our social networks, from our smaller most intimate circle of close connections to our wider network of known acquaintances.
We focus on social connection in our work because it is a strengths-based concept. We use this as a counterpoint to the frequent discussion of loneliness and social isolation which are deficit concepts. We believe communities and people need to see a positive way forward and actions that can be taken to improve social connection.
The scope of the project is determined by:
- ‘pro-social connection’ community infrastructure typology
- physical, hybrid and digital spaces
- that the project takes part in four Local Government Areas.
By considering pro-connection places, spaces and experiences and their role in the development of a community social connection infrastructure, our project provides an opportunity to combine current knowledge on social connection with empirical data including social indicator data, mapping of physical and digital spaces and insights from key stakeholders.
Social infrastructure and a place-based approach to social connection
Social infrastructure emerges as an important component of connection and wellbeing outcomes. Defined as infrastructure that meet social service needs across the lifespan, they are “essential services that create the material and cultural living conditions for an area”.
Social infrastructure is “anywhere that brings people together” and includes:
- health, education, childcare, employment and training facilities
- community support agencies
- sport and recreation amenities
- parks and playgrounds, community development services
- appropriately-designed housing
- legal and public safety emergency services
- public and community transport
- arts and cultural institutions
- centres for specific groups like older people or young people.
A place-based approach is defined as “a collaborative, long-term approach to build thriving communities delivered in a defined geographic location. This approach is ideally characterised by partnering and shared design, shared stewardship, and shared accountability for outcomes and impacts”. We define ‘place’ as “spaces which people have made meaningful“.
Research has highlighted links between the physical environment and social relations which gives the potential for policy action. The Legatum report on wellbeing and policy references an “environment where there are easy opportunities for social interaction that allow the ability for people to choose when, who and where to meet”.
Types of spaces: Physical | Hybrid | Digital
We conducted a scoping literature review on spaces and places of social connection that identified types of pro-connection places including; physical places such as third places, incidental ‘bumping places’, ephemeral places and community groups.
Types of spaces and places for social connection in the literature
1. Third places: Places that are not home or work that allow us to be social, e.g. cafes or libraries
- Description: Third places are where people can meet up informally or locations used as meeting places in addition to their primary role e.g. community gardens, parks, beaches or public places such as libraries, churches and commercial spaces such as cafes, book stores and cinemas.
- Evidence of social connection: “Public, informal gathering places away from home (the first place) and work (the second place) that have facilitated social attachments through spontaneous opportunities for conversation and the sharing of problems as well as elations”.
2. Bumping places: Places that offer the possibility for incidental interactions
- Description: Infrastructure designed for people to bump into each other, e.g. sheltered spaces or barbecues in parks, playgrounds, outdoor gyms.
- Evidence of social connection: Locations “designed for people to meet e.g. streets, squares, parks, play areas, village halls, community centres”.
3. Community groups: Community groups create places to connect around activities with like-minded people, or people that can support, teach or mentor us
- Description: Groups found to encourage social connection included: sporting groups, community choirs, education programs, intergenerational art programs and programs to support at risk groups
- Evidence of social connection: Research found that a sense of working together towards a common goal helped to overcome perceived class or racial boundaries.
4. Online and hybrid spaces: Online spaces or spaces that are both physical and online allow for new, alternative or additional ways to connect.
- Description: Online platforms, such as social media, websites and blogs that allow users to chat or post content. Hybrid spaces connect the online and the offline.
- Evidence of social connection: ‘Hyperlocal’ social media such as Neighbourly, Nextdoor or local Facebook Groups and Good Karma Networks have been found to help generate local social capital and provide information.
In addition to these – in our contemporary environment, we recognise there are hybrid or online as digital spaces which – to date – have been less systematically explored as spaces for local social connection.
Best practice around activating social connection suggests it is beneficial if there is a purpose for people to interact other than a specific focus on forming connections. As such, social connection might be regarded as a by-product of pro- connection places and spaces especially if combined with pro social connection activities.
Framework of practice for social connection
A summary of evidence on promoting social connnection suggests key principles for ensuring a community has the infrastructure for optimising the activation of social connection. Building on this, the following factors are key to having a pro-social connection community:
1. Focus on critical components including: spaces, places, activities and community connector type people and organisations, all of which are required for optimising opportunities for social connection.
2. Develop a foundation of safe, accessible places and spaces that provide a mix and choice for people to engage with or use.
3. Ensure the presence of ‘incidental’ or ‘bumping’ spaces that encourage meeting new people.
4. Facilitate activities that include problem-solving, negotiating and working on purposeful tasks that give best chances for people to meet, build relations and trust.
5. Identify opportunities to build (new) collective social identities; a shared identity of living in the same place is a great place to start to build a shared identity.
6. Understand the outcome of social connection is best nurtured as a by product of other purposeful activities.
A framework of practice for community social connection
Based on the literature, we constructed an analytical framework intended to give a structure for auditing and planning for social connection in communities, focusing on foundations of safety, choice and access, places and spaces, activities and people as connectors. This framework was tested in the project with four councils.
What we did: Outline of the project methodology
Full details of the project methodolody will be provided in a final report.
Stage 1: Typology of Social Connection Infrastructure
We applied a typology drawing on findings of existing collaborative work and literature by the Social Innovation Research Institute and the Australian Red Cross. We also used material from VicHealth and existing categorisations of social infrastructure in literature. We identified four base categories of operational physical places and spaces that encourage social connection in the context of Australian LGAs. These were identified as the following:
- assets, infrastructure and natural spaces
- community organisations and groups
- public leisure, sport, recreation and physical activity
- arts and events.
These categories helped us to identify places and spaces in each of the four LGAs that could promote social connection. Following consultation with the project working group, we identified sources of social data that would inform an audit and mapping exercise. Data to populate the typology of physical places and spaces was then sourced using the following:
- publicly available data
- desk research undertaken by the research group
- data provided by each local council.
Stage 2: Identifying online places and spaces
In a second step, searches for online places and spaces were used to uncover the location of informal connection or incidental sites within the community. By informal we refer to places and spaces where people meet or interact which are outside of known physical infrastructures sites.
Incidental sites are physical sites that may have an identified primary purpose other than promoting social connection. For this reason, our search included connection spaces outside council and community organisation infrastructure.
Overall inputs into the typology generated over 2800 assets (physical and digital places and spaces) across 32 sub-groups. These were then classified into discrete and non-discrete groups for further analysis.
In the final report, we provide a categorisation of the places and spaces, analysis and maps of the distribution of pro connection spaces and places across the LGAs. We also identify the different forms of physical places and functions of multiple online places identified.
Stage 3: Social data mapping
To better interpret the mapping of places and spaces, we used Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping to develop an understanding of where high volumes of potentially ‘at risk’ (i.e. of social isolation) individuals may reside within and across the LGAs.
We used ABS census data retrieved from each LGA to generate mapping inputs and variables. We applied the data at the SA1 level across the LGA. Maps were generated to provide a visual assessment identifying where high volumes of individuals were located within each LGA, with identification of the higher social isolation risk groups. Visualisations and maps were generated.
Stage 4: Places and spaces asset mapping
As the second GIS stage, we mapped all identified places and spaces for pro social connection assets that were identified by applying the typology for each of the LGAs. Mapping was undertaken based on addresses and text-based location information, and these data points were mapped to provide a visual representation of assets for each LGA. Mapping focussed on:
- identifying the location of identified places and spaces in each LGA
- identifying the ‘hotspots’ for pro-social connection within each LGA
- identifying where specific forms of places were aligned with higher areas of risk or need (relative to social data mapping).
Outcomes in the final report provide analysis across multiple maps for each of the LGAs and descriptive analysis.
Stage 5: User experiences - focus groups
As a final stage, focus groups were held with managers and facilitators of different types of spaces and places across the four LGAs. The aim was to enhance understanding of the role and function of places and spaces within the community. Groups were structured in six question areas:
- background, places and community needs
- creating connection
- barriers and needs
- online or digital spaces
- COVID-19 impact and recovery
- amplifying impact and connection.
Respondents were inclusive of all LGAs. Thematic coding and analysis was undertaken on the data, and themes and narratives will be provided in the final report to support results and recommendations.
More information
- Contact Associate Professor Adam Karg akarg@swinburne.edu.au or Professor Jane Farmer jcfarmer@swinburne.edu.au for further details about this project.
- Read our detailed prelimary report Auditing and Mapping Social Connection Infrastructure in Communities [PDF 748KB].
Completed projects and partnerships
The Social Connection Toolkit for Residential Aged Care was co-designed with staff and residents and implemented in 2023-2024 across four residential aged care settings in Victoria and New South Wales. Evaluated by residents, care staff, and lifestyle coordinators, the Toolkit was found beneficial by staff in conceptualising, valuing and facilitating consistent discussions with residents about social connection. Residents noted existing gaps in social connection, highlighting the Toolkit's potential to improve care. Implementation faced challenges due to understaffing, time constraints, competing priorities, a task-focused care model, and data collection duplication.
Social Connection Toolkit for Residential Aged Care
Social Connection Tool Guide:
Social Connection Tool Guide for Residential Aged Care
The Social Connection Tool:
Social Connection Tool for Residential Aged Care
The Social Connection e-learning modules:
These free short video modules explain social connection and related concepts such as social isolation and loneliness. They provide a framework and essential knowledge to aged care workers and allied health professionals to support the social and emotional needs of older individuals living in residential aged care. Watch each module below:
Module 1: So, what is social connection?
Module 2: So, why is social connection important?
Module 3: Supporting social connection in residential aged care
In 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, The Salvation Army’s Innovation Team invited Swinburne’s Social Innovation Research Institute and Uniting to participate in a workshop to identify new solutions to address social isolation and destigmatise loneliness. From this workshop the partnership and idea to co-design an evidence-based Social Connection Assessment Tool for residential aged care was established.
A nine-month pilot feasibility study engaged residents and aged care staff in training about social connection and designing and testing an easy-to-use tool to collect information about residents’ social connections, including their preferred ways of spending time with others, hobbies and activities they enjoyed doing with other people, and the spaces and places that facilitated connection within the facility as well as the local community. The immediate purpose of the training and Tool was to assist front-line staff, key support personnel, and family to better understand residents' social connection, in order to identify and respond to gaps and minimise loneliness and isolation in aged care settings. The Tool was used by 45 older people in residential and community aged care settings and 32 older people were involved in giving feedback.
What interesting things did we find from the feasibility study?
- The Tool itself helped to facilitate connection between residents and aged care staff. All those giving feedback, agreed or strongly agreed that the Social Connection Assessment Tool ‘helped me to develop rapport’ with the staff member asking the questions.
- Older people felt comfortable sharing information about social connection with aged care staff, with 100% of older people who responded, agreeing that they felt comfortable being asked the questions about social connection in the Tool.
- Older people in residential aged care want to meet new people and make new friends, with more than two-thirds of those who used the Tool saying they wanted to make new connections whilst in residential care.
The Social Connection Assessment Tool pilot project is a case study of applying the Social Connection Frameworks and Social Connection 101 resource developed by Swinburne Social Innovation Research Institute and Australian Red Cross, to make resources that are useful to practice and citizens.
Read more about the project below:
Social Connection Assessment Tool
More information
- Read our report ‘Healthy social connections: a multi-disciplinary exploration' on the APO website.
- Read our report 'Healthy social connections' on the APO website.
- Read our handbook ‘'Social Connection 101: Version 1' on the APO website’.
Due to a variety of complex social, economic and environmental conditions, rural communities can find it challenging to access support services. During 2019-20 we worked with community members, groups, businesses and health services in three rural communities in Victoria. Using a Collective Impact approach, we supported co-production of actions to address local mental health and wellbeing.
Funded by the Helen Macpherson Smith Trust and in partnership with Heathcote Health, Kilmore District Health, Sunbury and Cobaw Community Health and Murray Primary Health Network, the project had three aims:
- Increase awareness in communities about mental health needs and services
- Facilitate collective working through enabling collaboration and connection
- Identify how collective impact can work in rural communities
The work we carried out together helped to establish initiatives that included a regional wellbeing data cooperative; family violence awareness campaign; digital stories and local radio shows to increase awareness about mental health and wellbeing issues and services. The project supported new and strengthened existing connections between people, services, groups and initiatives already in the community.
We compiled a practical guide ‘The 15 practices of rural co-produced mental health initiatives: advice from people who are doing them’, based on expertise from across Australia, for others to use to start similar coproduced programs. Read the full report.
Past event highlights
Webinar: Social Connection 101
Held 17 March 2022, this webinar marked the launch of Social Connection 101, a resource that summarises the underlying evidence on how to plan and measure for social connection activation. In this session, Professor Jane Farmer, Director of the Social Innovation Research Institute and fellow authors provided an overview of the resource.
In 2020 the Social Innovation Research Institute held a series of webinars on social connection in collaboration with the Centre for Social Impact.
Described as a person’s sense of having positive relationships with others, social connection, is fundamental to the wellbeing of individuals, communities and society overall. Studies around the world have continued to show the importance of social connectedness for mental health, sense of identity, disaster response and recovery.
Platforms for Social Connectedness
Held 18 June 2020, this webinar, explored two platforms developed to promote and increase social connectedness. Julia Suh, Founder and CEO of Paper Plain, described how her platform enables property developers, governments and community development organisations to optimise their investment in community spaces, programs and engagement. Andrew Dowling, Founder and CEO of Stich, discussed how his community platform helps older adults find the companionship they need.
Community Connectors Explained
Community connectors are members of the community who enable the flow of information, resources and relationships across cultural, social and organisational boundaries. Held 4 August 2020, this webinar explored how to find connectors, what they do – online and offline, and how a community can harness paid or unpaid connectors. Presenters included Carolyn Wallace, General Manager of Merri Health and Travis Mason, State Lead – COVID Community Connection Program, Australian Red Cross.
News and reports from this research program
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Report: The 15 practices of rural community co-produced mental health initiatives: advice from people who are doing them
May 2021This paper highlights key advice about things to do and things to think about when establishing and operating rural community co-produced initiatives.
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Report: Healthy social connections: a multi-disciplinary exploration
April 2019This report explores research evidence and theory related to social connection and flexible working policies in workplaces, in conjunction with the Australian Red Cross.
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Briefing paper: Healthy social connections
SEPT 2018The Social Connection model reflects key aspects of social connection that have been raised by a diverse body of research and acknowledges the changing nature of contemporary social life.
Explore our other research programs
Contact the Social Innovation Research Institute
If your organisation would like to collaborate with us to solve a complex problem, or you simply want to contact our team, get in touch by calling +61 3 9214 8180 or emailing sii@swinburne.edu.au.